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Abstract
Although many studies have addressed poverty in Brazil, very few of them have analyzed the dynamic nature of this phenomenon. In order to fill this gap, this Working Paper seeks to identify the features that determine the permanence of poverty and the downward mobility into poverty of adults in urban areas. Due to the scarcity of Brazilian panel surveys, we use a ‘pseudo-panel’ obtained from PNAD, a cross-sectional National Household Survey. The probabilities of staying in states (poor or non-poor) and changing states (such as from poor to non-poor) are estimated with a bivariate probit for grouped data. Our analysis
distinguishes between persistent and observed components that can condition the probability of being poor and helps identify the groups that are particularly affected by either transient or chronic poverty. We find that between 1995 and 2003, 73 per cent of
urban relative poverty in Brazil was chronic and most of this level was due to an initial persistent condition of poverty. In other words, most poor people are subject to poverty mainly because of their past persistent condition of poverty. These findings suggest that an effective policy of reducing poverty should involve not only a systematic multi-sectoral approach, such as improving human capital and the access to public services, but also an extensive programme of income redistribution.
Footnotes:
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The authors would like to thank Terry McKinley for serving as the internal peer reviewer of this working paper and
Armando Barrientos, Phillippe Leite and Sergei Soares for serving as the external peer reviewers. Helpful comments were
also received from Valйria Pero, Ana Maria Hermeto de Oliveira, Simone Wajnman and Andrй Golgher.
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International Poverty Centre (IPC), UNDP.
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Center for Development and Regional Planning (Cedeplar), UFMG.
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